Papers with plug-and-play module
Mitigating the Burden of Redundant Datasets via Batch-Wise Unique Samples and Frequency-Aware Losses (2023.acl-industry)
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Donato Crisostomi, Andrea Caciolai, Alessandro Pedrani, Kay Rottmann, Alessandro Manzotti, Enrico Palumbo, Davide Bernardi
| Challenge: | Existing solutions to train deep learning models on redundant datasets are difficult to implement in industrial settings. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to eliminate duplicates at the batch level without altering the data distribution observed by the model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach reduces training times on models on redundant datasets by up to 87% and 46% on average, with a drop in model performance of 0.2% relative at worst. |
Semantic Consistency-Based Uncertainty Quantification for Factuality in Radiology Report Generation (2025.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Radiology report generation has shown great potential in assisting radiologists . generative medical Vision Large Language Models (VLLMs) are prone to hallucinations and can produce inaccurate diagnostic information. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that provides both report-level and sentence-level uncertainties. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves factuality scores by 10% by rejecting 20% of reports on the MIMIC-CXR dataset. |
Temporal Working Memory: Query-Guided Segment Refinement for Enhanced Multimodal Understanding (2025.findings-naacl)
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Xingjian Diao, Chunhui Zhang, Weiyi Wu, Zhongyu Ouyang, Peijun Qing, Ming Cheng, Soroush Vosoughi, Jiang Gui
| Challenge: | Multimodal foundation models have demonstrated significant success in tasks such as visual captioning, question answering, and image-text retrieval. |
| Approach: | They propose a specialized cognitive module, temporal working memory, which selectively retains task-relevant information across temporal dimensions. |
| Outcome: | The module retains task-relevant information across temporal dimensions, ensuring that critical details are preserved throughout the processing of video and audio content. |
SALT: Step-level Advantage Assignment for Long-horizon Agents via Trajectory Graph (2026.findings-eacl)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities, but their application to complex, multi-step, and long-horizon tasks remains challenging. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that provides a finer-grained advantage assignment derived solely from outcome rewards. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework provides a finer-grained advantage assignment, derived solely from outcome rewards. |
VideoEraser: Concept Erasure in Text-to-Video Diffusion Models (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Experimental results show that VideoEraser outperforms prior methods regarding efficacy, integrity, fidelity, robustness, and generalizability. |
| Approach: | They propose a training-free framework that prevents T2V diffusion models from generating videos with undesirable concepts even when explicitly prompted with those concepts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing methods in erasure, celebrity erasion, and explicit content erasing tasks. |
Enhancing LLM Text Detection with Retrieved Contexts and Logits Distribution Consistency (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for detecting large language models (LLMs) generate fluent text, but they only use a few tokens due to the short length or insufficient information in some texts. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that leverages external text corpora to evaluate the difference in logit distribution of input text under retrieved human-written and LLM-rewritten contexts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance in AUROC on five public datasets with three widely-used source LLMs. |
Listen, Watch, and Learn to Feel: Retrieval-Augmented Emotion Reasoning for Compound Emotion Generation (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to assess human emotion are limited by the subjective nature of emotion perception, limiting the robustness of existing models. |
| Approach: | They propose a plug-and-play module that enhances MLLMs’ ability to tackle compound and context-rich emotion tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves MLLMs' ability to tackle compound and context-rich emotion tasks and the Compound Emotion QA dataset shows it performs well across both benchmarks and evaluation frameworks. |
Make Compound Sentences Simple to Analyze: Learning to Split Sentences for Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | generative methods have shown promising results for extracting sentiment quadruplets . compound sentences can contain multiple quadroutlets, making extraction difficult . |
| Approach: | They propose an Aspect Term Oriented Sentence Splitter which simplifies compound sentences into simpler and clearer forms. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms existing methods in ASQP and ACOS tasks. |
Mask the Correct Tokens: An Embarrassingly Simple Approach for Error Correction (2022.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Text error correction methods usually use the source (incorrect) sentence as encoder input and generate the target (correct) sentences through the decoder. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to correct errors in text sequences by randomly masking out the correct tokens in the source sentence. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves accuracy on Mandarin and English datasets with autoregressive and non-autoregressive generation models. |
Fewer is More: Boosting Math Reasoning with Reinforced Context Pruning (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities, yet they struggle with math reasoning. |
| Approach: | They propose a coarse-to-fine pruner that prunes unimportant tokens to fit the context window. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms prompting baselines across various LLMs and 5 math datasets and achieves 4.55% absolute improvements without any fine-tuning. |
Align Documents to Questions: Question-Oriented Document Rewriting for Retrieval-Augmented Generation (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances the factuality of Large Language Models (LLMs) however, LLMs exhibit a stylistic bias when presented with mixed contexts, revealing a bottleneck in their utility. |
| Approach: | They propose a style-controlled rewriter that aligns retrieved documents with a question-oriented style while preserving facts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves RAG pipelines by 8% with negligible latency overhead. |
Plug-and-Play Data Module for Code RL: Adaptive Ambiguity Replay (2026.findings-acl)
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Jianqing Zhang, Wei Xia, Zhezheng Hao, Hong Wang, Hande Dong, Qiang Lin, Yang Liu, Jian Cao, Qiang Yang
| Challenge: | Existing approaches to reinforcement learning (RL) rely on static, in-epoch metrics that overlook training dynamics, often introducing low-utility or outdated data. |
| Approach: | They propose a plug-and-play module that prioritizes cross-epoch ambiguous samples to neutralize the noise from stale experiences. |
| Outcome: | Extensive experiments on nine LLMs show that Adaptive Ambiguity Replay outperforms state-of-the-art baselines on real-world code editing tasks. |
Generative Frame Sampler for Long Video Understanding (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing video large language models (LMMs) employ an impedance of thousands of frames to understand long videos. |
| Approach: | They propose a plug-and-play module integrated with VideoLLMs to facilitate efficient lengthy video perception. |
| Outcome: | The proposed module boosts the performance of open-source VideoLLMs and proprietary assistants on long-form video benchmarks. |
DiffPO: Diffusion-styled Preference Optimization for Inference Time Alignment of Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)
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Ruizhe Chen, Wenhao Chai, Zhifei Yang, Xiaotian Zhang, Ziyang Wang, Tony Quek, Joey Tianyi Zhou, Soujanya Poria, Zuozhu Liu
| Challenge: | Inference-time alignment approaches still face limitations due to policy-specific value functions and latency during the inference phase. |
| Approach: | They propose an efficient and policy-agnostic preference optimization method that avoids time latency associated with token generation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves a favorable trade-off between alignment quality and inference-time latency. |
From Attenuation to Attention: Variational Information Flow Manipulation for Fine-Grained Visual Perception (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing input-centric solutions fail to reverse this intrinsic mechanism of information loss. |
| Approach: | They propose a Variational Information Flow framework that leverages a probabilistic perspective to model visual saliency relevant to the question-answer pair as a latent distribution. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves general VQA, fine-grained perception and visual grounding. |
Chain-of-History Reasoning for Temporal Knowledge Graph Forecasting (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing graph-based models excel at capturing structural information within TKGs but lack semantic comprehension abilities. |
| Approach: | They propose a plug-and-play module to enhance the performance of graph-based TKG models by exploring high-order histories step-by-step. |
| Outcome: | Experiments on three datasets and backbones show that CoH is effective in capturing high-order historical information for LLMs. |
Zero-Shot Detection of LLM-Generated Text using Token Cohesiveness (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing zero-shot detection paradigms that use token cohesiveness are not available for large language models. |
| Approach: | They propose a generic dual-channel detection paradigm that uses token cohesiveness as a plug-and-play module to improve existing zero-shot detectors. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model is able to detect human-like text in black-box environments. |
THOR-MoE: Hierarchical Task-Guided and Context-Responsive Routing for Neural Machine Translation (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) solutions may lead to sub-optimal performance . thor-moe uses domain/linguistics-specific knowledge, but lacks context-responsive routing policies . |
| Approach: | They propose a sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) solution which uses task knowledge of NMT into MoE and provides hierarchical task-guided and context-responsive routing policies. |
| Outcome: | thor-MoE can achieve an average improvement of 0.75 BLEU with less than 22% activated parameters on multi-domain translation tasks. |
Keys to Robust Edits: From Theoretical Insights to Practical Advances (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for modifying parametric memory are prone to inaccuracies due to conflicting or outdated information. |
| Approach: | They propose a plug-and-play module that disentangles editing keys from native model representations and dynamically adjusts keys via contrastive learning to achieve robustness-specificity balance. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves over robustness tests by up to 66.4% while maintaining the success rate unaffected. |
ADAPT: Benchmarking Commonsense Planning under Unspecified Affordance Constraints (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for embodied agents focus on directly executing instructions without considering whether objects can be manipulated. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark that evaluates embodied agents in dynamic environments . they use plug-and-play module that augments existing planners with explicit affordance reasoning . |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark evaluates embodied agents in dynamic environments with unpredictable affordances . ADAPT significantly improves robustness and task success across seen and unseen environments . |
Inference-Time Scaling of Verification: Self-Evolving Deep Research Agents via Test-Time Rubric-Guided Verification (2026.findings-acl)
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Yuxuan Wan, Tianqing Fang, Zaitang LI, Yintong Huo, Wenxuan Wang, Haitao Mi, Dong Yu, Michael R. Lyu
| Challenge: | Recent advances in Deep Research Agents (DRAs) are transforming automated knowledge discovery and problem-solving. |
| Approach: | They propose an inference-time scaling of verification wherein an agent self-improves at test time by evaluating its generated answers. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms vanilla agent-as-judge and LLM judge baselines by 12%–48% in meta-evaluation F1 score. |
Safety Sidecar: Reflection-Driven Runtime Control for Safer Agents (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing safety controls fail to provide runtime intervention or cross-architecture portability for autonomous LLM agents. |
| Approach: | They propose a model-agnostic, plug-and-play module to provide arbitrary agent safety control and auditability. |
| Outcome: | The proposed module improves the secure-solution rate by 2.9–11.2 percentage points . it adds only 3.2s to end-to-end latency and a negligible average cost of 5.37 10-4 per scenario . |
Lending Eyesight to Language Models: Modeling and Probing Human scanpath through Transformer Decoder (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Decoded language models have shown to exhibit striking parallels with human cognitive processes. |
| Approach: | They propose a plug-and-play module that transforms an autoregressive language model into an autorregressive eye model and probes it through a linguistic model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed module can be used to model human-like gaze shifts in language models. |